Are Your Deductions Properly Documented?
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Recently I came across a professional article about an old subject. Proper documentation. It was just a good reminder of a basic requirement for claiming deductions and expenses for returns.
First off, the burden of proof for all deductions and expenses falls on the taxpayer. It is not the IRS job to disprove any deductions and expenses claimed, initially. Once the taxpayer submits proper documentation or evidence for a deduction/expense, then it becomes the IRS’s responsibility to disprove it.
When providing proof of documentation, it must be organized such that one can know that it is the related deduction/expense. A tax court case in 2024 involved the taxpayer’s providing photocopies of bills, receipts and handwritten notes, as a group, along with a spreadsheet for one group of the expenses claiming they represented the deductions/expenses on his return.
The copies were not grouped by the deductions/expenses or totaled to show the amount claimed. The court called it “the Shoebox Method”. For those of you too young to know what this is, us, old timers, use to see clients bring in a shoebox full of paid bills/receipts in a shoebox and give it to us to process. For some we call it the dashboard method because all the receipts are kept on the dashboard of the taxpayer’s truck until needed.
The spreadsheet itself was brought into question as it contained in its listing transactions that no documentation could be found on. Also, transactions were doubled from the original receipt and the credit card receipt. After that, individual transactions were questioned when it appeared that no clients/customers were involved in the meetings. So, the spreadsheet was not credible.
So, to summarize, when you want to claim a deduction or expense then you must have a document that supports the claim and then those related documents must be grouped together and totaled to properly substantiate the claim.
Why Growth Increases Employment Risk A business with two employees may feel easy to manage. A business with ten employees needs more structure. A business with twenty employees needs even more consistency. Growth creates more decisions. More decisions create more chances for confusion, conflict, or claims. As a business grows, employment practices can lag behind. The company may add people before updating job descriptions. It may promote a team member into management before training them. It may handle performance issues differently from one employee to another. These gaps are common. They do not always mean the owner is careless. They often mean the business is busy. But employment claims often focus on process. For example: Was the rule applied the same way for everyone? Was the employee warned? Was the complaint reviewed? Was the hiring process fair? Was the manager trained? Was the decision documented? A clear process is easier to defend than memory. The Equal Employment Opportunty Commission advises employers to train managers and employees on equal employment opportunity laws, establish neutral and objective criteria for employment decisions, and monitor practices for consistency. It also recommends fostering open communication and early dispute resolution to keep small issues from becoming legal claims. [4] That is why Employment Practices Liability Insurance works best when it is paired with good workplace habits. Insurance helps protect the business financially. Documentation helps explain what happened. How Small Businesses Can Reduce EPLI Risk Employment Practices Liability Insurance is one layer of protection. Strong employment practices are another. Small businesses can reduce risk by making workplace decisions more consistent. This does not require a large HR department. It does require a simple system. Start with these steps: Use written job descriptions. Create a basic employee handbook. Document performance concerns. Use consistent interview questions. Keep hiring notes professional and job-related. Train managers on harassment, discrimination, and retaliation. Respond to employee complaints promptly. Apply workplace policies consistently. Review termination decisions before acting. Keep payroll and worker classification practices current. These steps help create a better workplace. They also help the business if a claim appears later. The EEOC offers a Small Business Resource Center with free guidance on hiring, training, evaluating, disciplining, and terminating employees. The agency notes that small business owners often do not have legal or HR experts on staff, and the resources are designed to help fill that gap. [5] Owners should be especially careful with terminations. A termination may be valid, but it should still be documented. The business should be able to explain why the decision was made and show that similar situations were handled in a similar way. Good records do not remove all risk. They make the business more prepared.
What EPLI Is Not Employment Practices Liability Insurance is not the same as general liability insurance. General liability usually focuses on third-party bodily injury, property damage, and certain personal injury claims. For example, it may apply if a customer slips and falls at your office. EPLI is different. It focuses on workplace claims. Employment Practices Liability Insurance is also not the same as workers' compensation. Workers' compensation helps cover employees who are injured or become ill because of their work. EPLI helps with certain claims about how employees or applicants were treated. That distinction matters. Many owners assume their business insurance will cover an employee lawsuit. It may not. A claim involving wrongful termination, discrimination, harassment, or retaliation may fall outside general liability or workers' compensation. EPLI is designed to help fill that gap. EPLI also has limits. The Insurance Information Institute notes that EPLI policies may reimburse companies for defense costs, settlements, and judgments. But they generally do not cover punitive damages or civil or criminal fines. [1] Common exclusions may include: Criminal acts Intentional wrongdoing Bodily injury Property damage Workers' compensation claims Certain wage and hour claims Claims known before the policy began Some contract disputes Wage and hour claims deserve extra attention. Some policies exclude them. Others may offer limited defense coverage or an endorsement. The best question is not, "Do we have EPLI?" The better question is, "What does our Employment Practices Liability Insurance actually cover?"
What Employment Practices Liability Insurance Covers Employment Practices Liability Insurance is built around the employment relationship. It may help cover legal defense costs, settlements, or judgments tied to covered workplace claims. A policy may respond to claims involving: Wrongful termination Discrimination Sexual harassment Retaliation Failure to hire Failure to promote Wrongful discipline Negligent evaluation Employment-related defamation Invasion of privacy The International Risk Management Institute identifies wrongful termination, discrimination, sexual harassment, and retaliation as common EPLI claim types. It also notes that policies may cover other employment-related conduct, such as defamation, invasion of privacy, failure to promote, and negligent evaluation. [3] Here is a simple example. An employee is fired after repeated performance issues. The owner knows the decision was based on the work. But the former employee claims the firing was discriminatory or retaliatory. Even if the business did nothing wrong, it may still need to respond. That could mean attorney fees, agency filings, a demand letter, or a lawsuit. That is one of the most important parts of EPLI. A claim does not have to be successful to be expensive. IRMI notes that EPLI policies contain shrinking limits provisions. That means defense costs, which are often a substantial part of a claim, reduce the policy's available limits. [3] Some EPLI policies also cover claims from job applicants. This matters if someone says they were not hired because of age, disability, pregnancy, race, gender, religion, or another protected category. Some policies include third-party coverage too. This may help if a customer, client, or vendor claims harassment or discrimination by someone at the business. Not every policy includes it, so owners should ask.